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Cycloheksyl isocyanate – determination method
Sławomir Brzeźnicki
Air samples are collected by drawing a known volume of air through glass fibre filters impregnated with a solution of 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine. The filters are transferred into 4 ml vials and extracted in a shaker with 2 ml of the acetonitrile: dimethylsulfoxide (9: 1) mixture. The obtained extracts are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or spectrofluorimetric detection.
The working range of the analytical method is from 0.1 to 8.0 µg/ml (0.0013 ÷ 0.106 mg/m³ for a 150 l air sample).
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Isophorone diisocyanate – determination method
Sławomir Brzeźnicki
Air samples are collected by drawing a known volume of air through glass fibre filters impregnated with a solution of 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine. The filters are transferred into 4 ml vials and extracted in a shaker with 2 ml of the acetonitrile: dimethylsuloxide (9 : 1) mixture. The obtained extracts are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet or spectrofluorimetric detection.
The working range of the analytical method is from 0.1 to 8.0 µg/ml (0.0013 to 0.106 mg/m³ for a 150 l air sample).
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol – determination method
Wiktor Wesołowski, Małgorzata Kucharska
This method is based on the adsorption of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol on charcoal, desorption with a 5% solution of methanol in dichloromethane and a gas chromatographic (GC-FID or GC MSD) analysis of the resulting solution.
The determination limit of the method is 10 mg/m³.
4,4`-Methylenodianiline – determination method
Krystyna Wróblewska-Jakubowska
Air samples are collected by drawing a known volume of air through polipropylene filters. The filters are trans-ferred into vials and the substance is extracted with 2 ml of a chloroform-methanol (4:1) mixture. The obtained extracts are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
The working range of the analytical method is 0.2 ÷ 2.4 µg/ml (0.02 ÷ 0.24 mg/m³ for 20 l of air sample).
Nitrous oxide – determination method
Małgorzata Kucharska, Wiktor Wesołowski
This method is based on the collection of air samples in Tedlar® bags and a direct gas chromatographic determination with mass detection (GC-MSD).
The determination limit of the method is 18 mg/m³.
Trichloronaphtalene – determination method
Barbara Romanowicz
This method is based on a simultaneous collection of vapors and aerosols of trichloronaphtalene in sampling tubes, containing a glass fibre filter in a series with amberlite XAD-2. Samples are desorbed with 1 ml of acetone or toluene and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID).
The determination limit of the method is 0.5 mg/m³.
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Chloroacetone. Documentation
Sławomir Czerczak, Grażyna Lebrecht
Chloroacetone is a colorless to amber liquid with a pungent odor. Chloroacetone has been used in the manufacture of couplers for color photography; as a photosensitizer for polyester/vinyl polymerization; as a fungicide/bacteriocide; and as an intermediate in the production of perfume, antioxidants, and pharmaceuticals.
The acute toxicity of chloroacetone for laboratory animals is high by all routes of administration. The subcutaneous LD50 for the rabbit is 141 mg/kg, and the oral LD50 for the rat is 100 mg/kg.
The liquid and vapor phases of chloroacetone are iritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. A concentration of 2290 mg/m³ was found to be lethal for human after 10 minutes, and 98 mg/m³ was intolerable after 1 minute of exposure. Odor was not considered adequate for warning; the first effect experienced was lacrimation (at approximately 18 mg/m³) followed by irritation of the upper respiratory tract and a burning sensation on exposed skin.
Based on the human exposure data of an acute irritation study, we established 4 mg/m³ as the ceiling value for chloroacetone. This value should minimize adverse lacrimation and irritation of the skin and the respiratory tract. Because chloroacetone has been shown to penetrate the skin in amounts sufficient to induce systemic toxicity, a skin notation is considered appropriate. According to the irritant effect of chloroacetone we suggest an additional determination with the letter I.
In setting the MAC value, the results of an acute irritation study were considered. According to the above data, the ceiling value for chloroacetone was established at 4 mg/m³.
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1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane. Documentation
Andrzej Starek
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane (DCNE), (CAS Registry No. 594-72-9) is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant odour. It is used as a fumigant and as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis.
DCNE is toxic substance in laboratory animals. Irritation of the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory tract have been observed. This chemical exerts systemic toxic action on parenchymal organs (lung, liver, kidney, heart). DCNE is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium. In the available literature no data on the toxicity in humans, or carcinogenicity, embriotoxicity, fetotoxicity, and teratogenicity of DCNE in laboratory animals have been found.
On the basis of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for irritation effect of the upper respiratory tract from experiments on animals and appropriate uncertainty factor the MAC (TWA) value was calculated at 30 mg/m³.
STEL value of 60 mg/m³ and irritant (I) notation are recommended.
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Dinitrophenol. Documentation
Sławomir Gralewicz
Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a mixture of 2,4-DNP and smaller amounts of 2,3-DNP and 2,6-DNP). It is a yellow, crystalline solid.
DNP is used in synthesis of dyes, picric acid, picramic acid, wood preservatives, photographic developers, explosives, and insecticides. In the 1930s, 2,4-DNP was used as a weight-reducing drug.
Short-term exposure to DNP may affect metabolism resulting in hyperthermia. High-level exposure may be fatal. The existing data concerning the health effects of 2,4-DNP oral exposure in humans indicate that the characteristic effects of 2,4-DNP for this route are: increased basal metabolic rate and perspiration, weight loss, a sensation of warmth, and - at higher dosage - increased heart and respiratory rate, and increased body temperature.
Repeated or prolonged contact with the skin may cause dermatitis. Exposure to DNP may result in changes in the functional state of the peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal system. It may also induce cataracts.
Taking into account the results obtained in clinical studies on people ingesting 2,4-DNP (LOAEL for metabolic effects was 1.2 mg/kg/day), a concentration 0.5 mg of dinitrophenol/m³ is proposed as a maximum exposure limit (maximum admissible concentration) with a skin notation. With regard to systemic effects of DNP no STEL value has beeen established.
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(2-Methoksymethylethoxy)propanol. Documentation
Andrzej Starek
(2-Methoxymethylethoxy)propanol (dipropylene glycol methyl ether, DGME) is a colourless liquid with low vapor pressure, an ethereal odour and bitter taste. DGME is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, synthetic resins, perfume, cosmetics, and as a chemical intermediate.
DGME is relatively low toxic in humans and laboratory animals. Irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract as well as depression of the central nervous system can be recognised as critical effects. No embriotoxic, fetotoxic, and teratogenic effects have been found in the toxicological studies. In the available literature no data have been found on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of DGME.
On the basis of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for irritation effect obtained from experiments on rats and appropriate uncertainty factor the MAC value was calculated at 240 mg/m³. STEL value of 480 mg/m³ and irritant (I) notation are recommended.
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N- Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Documentation
Krystyna Sitarek
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an industrial solvent. NMP can be absorbed through the skin. This chemical is not mutagenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic.
NMP belongs to the chemicals, which disturb fetal development of laboratory animals as a result of maternal exposure.
It is embryptoxic, fetotoxic and teratogenic at doses which are non-toxic to the mothers. Considering that it disturbs prenatal development in more than one animal species, in the Scandinavian countries NMP has been classified into the IB group, which comprises substances probably harmful to human reproduction.
Based on the NOAEL value obtained in an experimental study (500 mg/m³) and appropriate uncertainty factors, a TLV has been calculated and proposed at 120 mg/m³, and the STEL value as 240 mg/m³.
The Expert Group for Chemical Agents suggested additional notations: I (irritative substace), Sk (substance absorbed through the skin), Ft (fetotoxic substance).
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Bromine pentafluoride. Documentation
Konrad Rydzyński, Ewa Kuchowicz
Bromine pentafluoride is a colorless or light yellow liquid. The material has a chemical reactivity similar to that of elemental fluorine. At temperatures above its boiling point, it is a colorless, pungent, and corrosive gas.
Bromine pentafluoride has been used predominantly as a fluorinating agent to produce fluorocarbons and as an oxidizer in rocket propellant systems. Occupational exposures occur mostly during these uses and in the manufacture of the material.
Contact of the vapor or liquid bromine pentafluoride with the skin or eyes causes painful, deepseated, long-lasting burns. Relatively short exposures at high concentrations cause serious lung injury similar to that seen in phosgene-exposed individuals (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, atelectasis, bronchitis); lower concentrations cause watering of the eyes and difficulty in breathing within a few minutes. Bromine pentafluoride will react with the moist tissues of the nasal passages and eyes.
Based on the toxicologic analogy of bromine pentafluoride with hydrogen fluoride we established 0.5 mg/m³ as the maximum exposure limit (maximum admissible concentration) for bromine pentafluoride. This value should minimize the development of serious systemic injury and should be sufficiently low to prevent irritation of the upper respiratory passages.
Based on the results obtained from clinical studies of human exposure at concentration of hydrogen fluoride, 1 mg/m³ is proposed as a STEL value for bromine pentafluoride. Because bromine pentafluoride has been shown to have corrosive effects we suggest an additional determination with the letter C.
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Sulphur tetrafluoride. Documentation
Konrad Rydzyński, Jolanta Gromadzińska
Sulphur tetrafluoride (SF4) is a colorless, nonflamable gas, very active and corrosive with a sulphur-dioxide-like odor. SF4 is used in many technological processes. It is a degradation product of sulphur hexafluoride: a substance used as an isolation material in condensers, cables, transformers etc. SF4 causes irritation of the respiratory tract. The TLV value of 0.5 mg/m³ and the STEL value of 1.0 mg/m³ are proposed.
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